Thoracic myelopathy due to ossified hypertrophied ligamentum flavum

Calcification of ligamentum flavum is a rare disease that was found to occur almost exclusively in Japanese population. However the disease is now being increasingly recognized as a cause of thoracic myeloradiculopathy in Indian Population. We report a case of thoracic myelopathy at multiple levels due to ossified and hypertrophied ligamentum flavum

Study and Design of Automobile Continuously Variable Transmission

An individual need not be an automobile designer to comprehend that the lesser fuel a motor devours the better it is, and the less poisons delivered, and the cleaner the air we inhale. Lamentably, enhancing the variables in that mathematical statement is getting to be progressively troublesome. To accomplish extra mileage changes, we have started to concentrate on expanding productivity in ranges where enhancements are significantly more troublesome and expensive to attain to - to a great extent on powertrain segments, for example, the transmission This stems from the way that transmissions work over a scope of force conditions, for example, low speed-high torque to fast low torque, and in addition through an assortment of apparatus proportions. To accomplish picks up here, we have tested the traditional speculation connected with powertrain capacities and plans. Ordinary powertrain arrangements comprise of an inner burning motor working over an extensive variety of torque and pace conditions and a transmission that has, by examination, just a couple of discrete apparatus proportions. The operational rationality of customary powertrains makes it hard to achieve most extreme motor fuel proficiency on the grounds that the open doors for working at the least fuel utilization or best "brake particular fuel utilization" are confined and by and large don't concur with the torque and rate conditions forced on the motor by the vehicle. Utilizing a CVT-arranged powertrain, the motor works at greatest burden conditions. This permits the motor to work at or close to its best brake particular fuel utilization rate, which implies that the motor is working at its most elevated normal adiabatic efficiencies. For inner ignition motors this would be 36 %, while for diesel motors it is 45 %. This task report assesses the flow condition of CVTs and upcoming innovative work, set in the connection of past improvement and issues customarily connected with it. The basic speculations and components are likewise talked about

Seed Standards and Seed Testing Protocols for Forage Legume Seeds

Seed is the basic agricultural input and its quality is extremely important. In the absence of seeds of assured quality, the expenditure of the farmers on the other inputs may become of little use. It was in this context, seed legislation is in force in majority of the crops cultivated across the country to ensure the availability of high quality seeds to the farmers. The seed quality parameters (known as Indian Minimum Seed Certification Standards, IMSCS) of a notified variety of various crops (viz., forages, cereals, millets, pulses etc.) have been published through Gazette notifications by the Government of India from time to time. However, in majority of forage crops seed standards have not been formulated and the quality of seed made available to the farmers cannot be regulated as envisaged under seeds act. Therefore, an attempt has been made to develop seed standards and seed testing protocols in three important forage range legumes (Centrosema pubescens, Desmanthus virgatus and Macroptilium atropurpureum cultivated by the farmers across the country

Impact of climate change on biodiversity of India with special reference to Himalayan region-An overview

India possesses a distinct identity, not only because of its geography, history and culture, but also because of the great diversity of its natural ecosystems. The panorama of Indian biological diversity is much wider, as it comes under the twelve mega biodiverse (Hot-spot) centers of the world. It contains a great wealth of biological diversity in its forests, its wetlands and in its marine areas which are distributed all over the country. This richness is shown in absolute numbers of species and the proportion they represent of the world total. The great Himalayan region has peculiar identity in the perspective of its unique biogeography. It supports a large number of glaciers, lakes, rivers, flora and fauna due to its variable climate. It has a profound effect on the climate of the subcontinent. But due to anthropogenic activities the global climate has changed since last few decades. The climate of the subcontinent has also adversely affected the biological resources of the country along with that of the Himalayan region. The present paper discusses the various causes responsible for melting and shrinkage of glaciers, decreasing water flow in the major rivers, increasing pressure of extinction of the ecological wealth of the country. It also talks about the control measures and various management steps which can be taken, with special reference to the Himalayan region

Influence of sugar mill effluent on physico-chemical characteristics of soil at Haridwar (Uttarakhand), India

The influence of seven rates of Sugar mill effluent (viz. 0, 5, 10 25, 50, 75 and 100 ml/kg soil) along with control (Bore-well water, BWW) on the physical and chemical properties of soils revealed that among various concentrations of the effluents, the irrigation with 100% effluent concentration decreased moisture content (20.44%),WHC (13.80%), BD (4.14%) and increased pH (9.56%), EC (64.28%), ECEC (149.25%), Cl- (194.71%), OC (3228.89%), HCO3- (22.34%), CO3-2 (29.38%), Na + (185.48%), K+(53.40%), Ca2+ (1262.24%), Mg2+ (1818.24%), TKN (1206.36%), NO32- (80.87%), PO43- (236.04%), SO42- (72.08%), Fe2+ (234.34%), Zn (317.72%), Cd (404.35%), Cu (374.90%), Pb (645.71%) and Cr (1024.80%) in the soil when compared to control. There was a significant (P<0.001) effect on EC, pH, Cl-, OC, HCO3- , CO32- , Na + , K + , Ca2+, Mg 2+, Fe 2+, TKN, NO3 2- , PO4 3- and SO42- , Zn, Cu, Cd, Cr and Pb and insignificant (P>0.05) effect on moisture content, WHC and bulk density after sugar mill effluent irrigation when compared to control. There was no momentous change in the soil texture of the soil. The enrichment factor (Ef) of various micronutrients in the soil was recorded in order of Cr>Pb>Cd>Cu>Zn after irrigation with sugar mill effluent

Vowel classification based approach for Telugu Text-to-Speech System using symbol concatenation

Telugu is one of the oldest languages in India. This paper describes the development of Telugu Text-to-Speech System (TTS) using vowel classification. Vowels are most important class of sound in most Indian languages. The duration of vowel is longer than consonants and is most significant. Here vowels are categorized as starting middle and end according to the position of occurrence in a word. The algorithm developed by us involves analysis of a sentence in terms of words and then symbols involving combination of pure consonants and vowels. Wave files are being merged as per the requirement to generate the modified consonants influenced by deergalu (vowel sign) and yuktaksharas generate the speech from a text. Speech unit database consisting of vowels (starting, middle and end) and consonants is developed. We evaluated our TTS using Mean Opinion Score (MOS) for intelligibility and voice quality with and without using vowel classification from sixty five listeners, and got better results with vowel classification